Parametric Modelling of the Fire Station 1. Introduction
Designing and modelling a system in 3D is crucial to a project since visualization helps the customer what they will acquire and increase their satisfaction. 3D modelling is also complimentary to the performance of the system due to providing a basis for implementing a optimization to a CAD process of buildings that not only considers geometry but also performance [1]
Parametric modelling of the system was created in order to define the limits and goals before designing the different designs of the model in 3D with the aid of Dynamo Sandbox software. Comparisons will be made between designs and the most feasible one according to the high- performance criteria will be chosen.
2. SystemChosenfortheAssignment
In the previous individual assignment a fire station building was chosen for the system and an ontological modelling was made for it. In this assignment parametric modelling for different design alternatives will be made and their models will be created 3D with Dynamo BIM in order to visualize them better for the intended users.
Fire station building will be storing firetrucks inside its apparatus bay and there will be additional rooms such as equipment storage, training, kitchen, bedroom etc. for fire fighters. There is a need for a driveway for fire trucks to pass from apparatus bay to the road and it will me made from asphalt. Fire station building is planned to built in Berlin so high estate costs, lack of space and regulations on building height will be some of the design challenges. Fire station also needs to be sustainable and less harmful to environment due to EU regulations so high-performance criteria will be chosen with these parameters taken into consideration.
3. HighPerformanceCriteria
As with most projects, cost is an important part of this project and is one of the high-performance criteria however it will have less impact than other HPCs with 15%. Costs will mostly be from land acquisition, total volume of concrete, steel, roof tile and asphalt of driveway.
Another high-performance criterion will be the lifespan of the driveway. Driveway will bear heavy and dynamic loads of firetrucks regularly and will have a shorter lifespan than the building. Lifespan of the driveway will be based on the asphalt material chosen and the volume of asphalt in the design. Maintenance planning is given much importance in this project so 25% of the total feasibility will come from this criterion.
Building a fire station with the least environment harm is the most important high-performance criterion in this project. Estimating the total CO2 consumption for this will be made with the amount of building materials and the chosen materials. 35% of the whole decision-making criteria is CO2 consumption.
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Last high-performance criterion for this fire station project is vehicle capacity. This criterion is directly related to apparatus bay length of the building. Apparatus bay length also affects the fire station driveway width. This criterion was put due to its high population density location and its desire for maximum capacity. Vehicle capacity criterion makes up the 25% of the feasibility.
4. LogicoftheParametricModelling
The chosen system consists of 3 main parts; wall and floors of the fire station, roof of the building and the driveway. Parameters such as dimensions of the building, driveway and the materials used will determine the values for high performance criteria and the feasibilities of the design alternatives. As an assumption 1% of the building reinforced concrete volume will consist of steel for an easier estimation. Length, width and height of the fire station will determine how much material will be used for this building how much estate will be used. Apparatus bay width is related to total length of the building and it determines the vehicle capacity and driveway width. Asphalt material and volume will impact the cost and life span of the driveway. In different alternatives, depth of driveway is different.
5. DesignSpace
4 different alternative designs were created with 4 four different high-performance criteria and many parameters.
Parameters
Building Length(m) ‘L’
Building Width(m) ‘W’
Building Height(m) ‘H’
Apparatus Bay Width(m) ‘w’ Building Foundation Area(m2) ‘A’ Reinforced Concrete Volume(m3) ‘V’ Concrete Volume(m3) ‘V2′
Steel Volume(m3) ‘V3′
Roof Surface Area(m2) ‘A2′ Driveway Asphalt Depth(m) ‘Dd’ Driveway Asphalt Volume(m3) ‘V4′ Asphalt Material
Design 1
28
14
7,5
12
392 330,5 327,195 3,305 14,86 0,2
24
Hot mix
Design 2
30
20
8,5
15
600 507,5 502,425 5,075 20,61 0,2
30
Hot mix
Design 3
28
14
7,5
12
392 330,5 327,195 3,305 14,86 0,3
36
MC cold mix
Design 4
30
20
8,5
15
600 507,5 502,425 5,075 20,61 0,3
45
MC cold mix
Table 1: Parameters and their values for alternative designs respectively
Reinforced concrete volume was calculated by summing the volume of outer walls and first floor. For driveway, different asphalt materials were used for design 1&2 and design 3&4. Volumes and areas were calculated in order to calculate high performance criteria values such as cost and CO2 consumption.
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6. 3DModellingofDifferentDesignAlternatives
All different design alternative designs were completed in the parametric modelling and 3D modelling was done with Dynamo BIM software for better visualization. From Figure 1 to Figure 4 in below, 4 different design alternatives are shown.
Figure 1: Design 1 Figure 2: Design 2
Figure 3: Design 3 Figure 4: Design 4
7. ResearchforEstimationofHighPerformanceCriteria
In order to calculate optimal cost design some info must be gathered. Median asking prices for stock properties are around 5000€/m2 in Berlin [2]. Average concrete cost is 250€/m3 [3]. Stainless steel cost is 34621€/m3 [4]. Roof tile cost per m2 is around 50€ [5]. Hot mix asphalt costs 100€/ton [6] and MC cold mix asphalt costs 125€/ton [7].
Average lifespan of the driveway will be determined by asphalt design and the material used. Loads and maintenance for different alternatives will be the same. Cold asphalt mix that will be used in design 3 and design 4 is more affordable compared to hot asphalt that will be used in design 1 and design 2 however cold mix asphalt lasts shorter. The lifespan of hot mix asphalt is approximately 20 years, while cold mix asphalt has a life span of approximately 12 years.
Width of firetrucks are on average 2.5 meters[8] and they would need around 3.5 meter each in the building side by side. Apparatus bay width varies between 12 and 15 meters so these two factors determine vehicle capacity of the fire station.
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Amount of CO2 released from manufacturing structural concrete is 410kg/m3[9]. 1.4 tonnes CO2 is released per ton of steel [10] which equals to 11 tonnes CO2 per m3 steel produced. Footprint of 100m2 roof tiles is 4.4 tonnes of CO2 [11]. Footprint of hot asphalt is 45 kg/CO2/tonne [12] which is approximately 92kg CO2/m3 and cold asphalt footprint is 27Kg CO2/tonne [12] which is 62,1kg CO2/m3.
8. HighPerformanceCriteriaResults
Values for high performance criteria for each design were calculated with the data attained after research. Values are shown in the Table 2 below.
High Performance Criteria
Total Cost(€)
Asphalt Lifespan(years)
Fire Truck Capacity
Total CO2 Consumption(ton)
Design alternatives will be compared based on high performance criteria. Most affordable design option was the design 1 and then design 3 and 2. Most expensive design option was design 4. First and second design had longer lasting asphalt than design 3 and 4. Design 2 and 4 had more capacity than design 1 and 3. Design 1 had the least carbon footprint and design 4 had the most carbon footprint. First design was the most successful design by most high-performance criteria therefore it was the most feasible design alternative. However, design 2 and 4 are also attractive for their extra vehicle capacity.