Introduction

Global warming and the increasing demand for energy in modern society have driven the need to explore alternatives for a successful energy transition.

Renewable and clean energy sources, such as wind power, have gained significant popularity in recent years, leading to reduced production costs and increased research efforts to expand their application across different geographies and conditions. Wind energy is now being deployed not only in urban and rural areas but also in challenging environments such as offshore wind farms. While offshore installations benefit from minimizing noise and visual impact on populations, they require extensive studies on wave effects throughout their lifespan, as well as during construction and maintenance.

At the same time, although societies aim to reduce the exploitation of natural resources like hydrocarbons due to their high emissions, natural gas is still considered a key component of the energy transition process, helping to meet growing demand while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality.

With a focus on the importance of the energy transition and its impact on global warming, this project aims to:

• Integrate three systems—breakwaters, offshore hydrocarbon structures, and wind turbines—to maximize their mutual benefits.
• Propose different maintenance scenarios by adjusting the frequency and duration of interventions.
• Develop a Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the integrated systems.
• Apply multi-objective optimization techniques to determine the most effective maintenance strategy.