Conclusion

The Integrated Urban Environment project provides a structured framework for designing sustainable, well-connected cities by leveraging an integrated parametric model built upon the knowledge framework of a combined ontology to optimize urban planning. The study integrates residential, office, and gymnasium buildings within an environmentally conscious urban setting, focusing on low-carbon practices, accessibility, and functional balance.

By analyzing different structural materials and energy performance metrics, the study identifies the combination of timber-based residential structures, RC office buildings, and hybrid gymnasiums as the most environmentally sustainable choice in terms of CO₂ emissions and energy consumption. Additionally, between two spatial configurations, the triangular layout offers better noise insulation, improved traffic flow, and more balanced urban expansion opportunities, while the linear layout provides a more compact solution that has better accessibility and convenience.

Despite the benefits of integrating multiple ontologies and parametric models, challenges such as spatial interconnections, regional policy variations, and computational complexity highlight the need for further refinement and adaptability in real-world applications.

Engineering Reflections

1. Balancing Cost, Sustainability, and Functionality

A key takeaway from the study is the trade-off between financial feasibility and environmental impact in urban planning. While RC remains the most cost-effective material, its carbon footprint is significantly higher than steel (SC) or timber (GLT) structure alternatives. Timber-based structures, despite their sustainability advantages, present supply chain and safety concerns in some regions. In Tokyo, where frequent earthquakes and high-density development shape construction priorities, reinforced concrete (RC) remains the dominant material despite its high emissions. However, in some American cities, such as those in Wisconsin, geographic differences have led to the widespread adoption of timber construction—even for high-rise buildings. A notable example is Ascent MKE[1], the world’s tallest timber building.

From an engineering standpoint, this emphasizes the need for hybrid structural solutions that can combine the strength of steel, the flexibility of timber, and the affordability of concrete based on local requirements. For example, using RC for high-rise office buildings while incorporating timber in residential zones could achieve a balance between safety, cost, and sustainability.

2. Trade-off Between Accessibility and Balanced Urban Environments

The study highlights that urban layouts must balance accessibility with maintaining a harmonious city environment. A highly connected layout improves access to workplaces and public facilities, but it may also increase noise levels, reduce privacy, and create congestion in residential zones. Conversely, a more dispersed layout enhances living comfort but may limit accessibility and increase travel times.

To effectively manage this trade-off, future urban designs should:

Strategically position high-traffic zones like office buildings and gyms to ensure accessibility without disrupting residential areas.
Implement buffer zones such as parks or mixed-use developments to absorb noise and create smoother transitions between urban functions.
Optimize zoning policies and building setbacks to maintain proximity while preserving privacy, ensuring a well-balanced city structure.

3. Real-World Applicability and Policy Implications

Urban planning decisions go beyond engineering feasibility; they are shaped by local policies, economic constraints, and cultural priorities. While some cities focus on high-density development, others prioritize green spaces and pedestrian-friendly layouts. These policy differences influence material selection, zoning regulations, and environmental standards. For instance, in 2024, Singapore’s carbon tax is approximately €18 per ton[2], whereas Germany’s is significantly higher at €45 per ton[3], impacting sustainability strategies and construction choices.

Future developments should:

Encourage governments to unify environmental regulations for global sustainability.
Advocate for flexible urban models that can be tailored to different city scales and population densities.
Establish public-private partnerships to fund sustainable construction projects that align with long-term climate objectives.

Reference:

[1] “Ascent MKE.” In Wikipedia, January 27, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascent_MKE&oldid=1272085519.

[2] “Carbon Tax.” Accessed February 8, 2025. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/.

[3] Clean Energy Wire. “Germany’s Carbon Pricing System for Transport and Buildings,” October 23, 2019. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-planned-carbon-pricing-system-transport-and-buildings.

Virtual City Model